Uganda, often cited as a rare example of success in a continent facing a severe AIDS crisis. The country is seem as having implemented a well-timed and successful AIDS prevention campaign, which has been credited with helping to bring adult HIV prevalence down from around 15% in the early 1990s to around 5% in 2001. Although Uganda has successfully reduced its HIV prevalence rate, HIV and AIDS are still a major development and humanitarian issue in Uganda, with 7% of the population still living with the virus.

Uganda is at an important crossroads in the history of its AIDS epidemic. It is feared that HIV prevalence in Uganda may be rising again. There are many theories as to why this may be happening, including the government's shift towards abstinence-based prevention programs, and a general complacency or 'Aids-fatigue'.

In order to avoid a rise in new cases, Uganda needs to take a serious look at infection trends and behavior to identify why this rise may be occurring and how to remedy it. Experts believe that complacency and the 'normalization' of AIDS may be leading to an increase in the risky behavior that early prevention campaigns sought to reverse. A comprehensive program, that incorporates not only abstinence, fidelity and condom use, but also voluntary counseling and testing.